![]() ![]() ![]() Three of the results specifically focused on psychosis as an effect of kratom: Ten results either list psychosis as a kratom side effect, or list kratom as one of the substances consumed by a sample group in a broader study of drug use trends. A Pubmed search for “(kratom) AND (psychosis)” (related MeSH terms automatically included) generated 13 results. The evidence that kratom is a direct cause of psychosis, that may or may not involve hallucinations, is also sparse in the literature. Furthermore, Grundmann et al 2019 critiques Eggleston et al, noting that “the authors do not acknowledge that their data and methods prevent determining causal relationships between kratom and adverse outcomes” and “the contribution of adulteration or contamination to cases was ignored by Eggleston et al”. Eggleston et al 2019 cites 45 reports to National Poison Data System over a seven year period that can’t rule out above listed possibilities for call-in self-reporting.Three papers: Burillo-Putze et al 2013, Sangani et al 2021, and Wright 2018 simply list hallucinations as a kratom effect without sourcing.Therefore other factors, such as the misinterpretation of symptoms like blurred vision or visual seizures as hallucinations, the potential for hidden co-ingestion of illicit drugs, and the adulteration of kratom products, must also be considered as possible explanations. More information about these two calls is not included in the report. Two of the calls reported hallucinations after kratom ingestion. Forrester 2013 is Texas Department of State Health Services report on kratom-related calls to the Texas Poison Control Center from January 1998 to September 2013.However, Chang-Chien et al 2017 listed Babu et al 2009 as a source for this statement: “Those who overdose on Kratom can experience seizures, psychosis, coma, hallucination, paranoia, severe emesis, respiratory depression and in the worst scenarios, death (13,16).” Source #13 is Babu et al 2009.It clearly only mentions hallucinations as an effect of salvia divinorum, not kratom. Babu et al 2009 examines both kratom and salvia divinorum.A Pubmed search for “(kratom) AND (hallucinations)” (this automatically includes related medical subject heading (MeSH) terms) generated seven results: The scientific literature provides limited evidence to support the inclusion of hallucinations as a legitimate side effect of kratom. Other front page results include FDA, DEA, and multiple rehabilitation industry sources. The top result is a case report (Cutlip et al, 2021) discussed below. A Google search on private browsing for “kratom” “hallucinations” yields 5.7 million results. However, while the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), and numerous news organizations have listed “hallucinations” as a potential side effect of kratom, they have not provided references to support this claim. Hallucinogens are defined by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) as “drugs that alter a person’s awareness of their surroundings as well as their own thoughts and feelings” (2019). Kratom is not classified as a hallucinogen. Hallucination defined in Johns Hopkins Psychiatry Guide is “a perception without a stimulus” (2017). Strains, Effects, and Dosage Menu Toggle.Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) Alkaloids and Effects Menu Toggle.© 2019 Pharmacotherapy Publications, Inc. Our findings suggest kratom is not reasonably expected to be safe and poses a public health threat due to its availability as an herbal supplement. Kratom use is increasing and is associated with significant toxicities. Kratom was listed as a cause or contributing factor in the death of four decedents identified by the county medical examiner's office. Serious effects of seizure (6.1%), withdrawal (6.1%), hallucinations (4.8%), respiratory depression (2.8%), coma (2.3%), and cardiac or respiratory arrest (0.6%) were also reported. Kratom most commonly caused agitation (18.6%), tachycardia (16.9%), drowsiness (13.6%), vomiting (11.2%), and confusion (8.1%). We also reviewed records from a county medical examiner's office in New York State to identify kratom-associated fatalities.Ī total of 2312 kratom exposures were reported, with 935 cases involving kratom as the only substance. ![]() We conducted a retrospective review of kratom exposures reported to the National Poison Data System to determine the toxicities associated with kratom use. This review was conducted to determine toxicities associated with kratom use in the United States in order to provide insight into its safety as a dietary supplement. Kratom is an herbal supplement containing alkaloids with opioid properties. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |